HOULD HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE   should have, ought to

前面已經出現過should和ought to。二者的意思很相似，ought to更強一些，而在形式上的區別就是should后面接不加to的不定式。而ought 接加to的不定式。二者都有很多意思，常見的是下面兩個含義。

①有義務，道義上正確的

　She should be nicer to her mother.她應該對她媽媽好一些。

He ought to help his brother.他應該幫助他哥哥。

②做……是明智的

  You should see a doctor.你應該看醫生。

  We ought to take some warm colthes.我們應該帶一些保暖的衣服。

現在，我們來回答對方的問話。看一下這個例子：

  Should I help him?

  -Yes, you ought to help him.

 

SHOULD HAVE, OUGHT TO HAVE  should have, ought to have

should have 和ought to have表示過去雖然是這樣，但如果不這樣做，那樣做的話才是“正確”、“明智‘的做法：

We should have been kinder to our parents.我們本該對自己的父母更好一些。

He should have bough a bigger one.他本該買個更大的。

我們來回答對方的問話：

Should he have helped them?

-Yes, he ought to have helped them.

should 和ough to 還有一個意思，即“應該……”。

例如：

They should arrive in about an hour.他們應該一個小時左右到。

We ought to see the lights of Paris at any moment.在巴黎我們應該時刻注意交通燈。

should have 和ought to have 的過去進也一樣可以表示“本應該發生……”：

He ought to/should have arrived by now. 他現在應該到了。

這么說的人可能已經知道他仍然沒有來。

He ought to have arrived by now, but he hasn’t.他現在應該到了，但是還沒到。

或者說話者什么也不知道。

He should have arrived by now. Let’s call him.他現在應該到了。我給他打個電話問問。

 

MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST：CONTRACTIONS 情態動詞的過去時：縮略形式

在情態動詞過去時的肯定句里，助動詞have通常發/ Ev/音。否定句里通常把not縮寫成n’t，加在情態動詞的后面。 在書寫的時候，一般不縮在一起，而說話的時候，一般都會用縮略形式。請看正在有關的詞：

原形           縮略形式

I should have done it.         I should’ve done it.

I should not have done it.      I should n’t done it.

I might have seen you.        He might ‘ve seen you.

He might not have seen you.   He might’ve seen you.

 

MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST: NEGATIVES   情態動詞的過去時：否定句

我們所見過的情態動詞的過去時都是肯定句，而否定句的中下所示：主語+情態動詞+not+have+過去分詞

例如：

You would not have got a better job.

He may not have gone shopping.

They ought not to have paid him.

 

MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST:QUESTIONS   情態動詞的過去時：疑問句

情態動詞過去時的疑問句如下所示：

情態動詞+主語+have+過去分詞

而否定疑問句如下所示：

情態動詞+n’t+主語+have+過去分詞

例如：

Should you have said that?

Shouldn’t he have called you?

Mightn’t he have forgotten?

 

MULTI-WORD VERBS: WITH’ACROSS’   across的短語動詞

across的基本意思是“從一邊到另一邊”。首先，可以像下面這樣表示空間上的意思：

We went across the square.我們穿過廣場。

I helped her across the road.我幫她過馬路。

We couldn’t get across the river.我們過不了河。

我們看一下三個用across的例子：

①come across:偶然發現；偶然遇到

  I came across this old photo yesterday while I was cleaning.昨天我打掃衛生的時候偶然發現這張老照片。

②run acros：偶然碰到

  I ran across an old school friendwhile I was in London.我在倫敦的時候與我的老校友偶遇。

③put across/get across:解釋清楚；說明白

  He tried to put across his ideas, but he couldn’t get anything across.他努力表達他的想法，但是別人還是不明白。