UNIT 19 What Should I Have Done? 我本應(yīng)該做什么?
學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn):本單元我們將集中學(xué)習(xí)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、復(fù)習(xí)鞏固基本的助動(dòng)詞用法,以及如何描述公司業(yè)績(jī)和銷(xiāo)售情況。
AUXILIARY VERBS:’BE’,’DO’AND ‘HAVE’ 助動(dòng)詞be,do和have
可以基本和助動(dòng)詞來(lái)使實(shí)義動(dòng)詞處于各種時(shí)態(tài)中。例如:
●現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)用的是be的現(xiàn)在形式, 也就是am/is/are.
●過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)用的是be的過(guò)去形式,即was /were..
●(單純)現(xiàn)在時(shí)用的是do的現(xiàn)在形式,即do/does.
●(單純)過(guò)去時(shí)用的是do的過(guò)去形式,即did.
●現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用的是have的現(xiàn)在形式,即have/has.
●過(guò)去完成時(shí)用的是have的過(guò)去形式,即had.
看一下下面的例子:
Woman Are you playing snooker?
Man No, I’m not playing snooker. I’m playing pool.
Woman Where you playing pool at three o’clock.
Man No, I wasn’t playing pool then. I was playing squash.
Woman Do you like squash?
Man Yes, I do. Well, I like playing it, but I don’t like watching it.
Woman Did you play squash yesterday?
Woman Have you ever played squash with Tom and Paul?
Man I’ve played squash with Tom. But I haven’t played squash with Paul.
Woman Had you played squash before you moved here?
Man No, I hadn’t played squash, but I had played tennis.
上例里的be,do, have都是助動(dòng)詞,這三個(gè)詞叫做“基本助動(dòng)詞”。英語(yǔ)auxiliaryverb指的是基本助動(dòng)詞和后面出現(xiàn)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。基本助動(dòng)詞表示語(yǔ)法上的補(bǔ)充,而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示的是說(shuō)話(huà)者的態(tài)度和看法。
Modal verbs 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
正如前面所說(shuō)的,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示的是說(shuō)話(huà)者的態(tài)度和看法,即認(rèn)為某事是可能的或必然的。英語(yǔ)把這些詞叫做modal verbs *。本書(shū)里全部都 出現(xiàn)了。Can,could, may,might,must, need(to),have to, ought to, shall * *,should,will,would
●能力;可能性
You can do it if you try.如果盡力你就能做到。
We could meet in London or Tokyo.我們可以在倫敦或者東京見(jiàn)。
It may rain later.一會(huì)兒可能要下雨。
We might win, but I don’t think so.我們可能會(huì)羸,但我不這樣認(rèn)為。
●義務(wù);必然性;本分
You must try to work harder.你必須更努力工作。
I need to contact him immediately.我需要馬上聯(lián)系他。
He ought to visit his mother more often.他應(yīng)該多去看看他媽媽。
●將來(lái);假設(shè)
I shall see her next month.我下個(gè)月去看她。
They will arrive soon. 他們很快就到了。
約翰會(huì)喜歡這個(gè)餐館。
MODAL VERBS IN THE PAST 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)
我們現(xiàn)在學(xué)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞全部可能用來(lái)表示過(guò)去的情況。
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+過(guò)去分詞
我們?cè)谇懊嬉呀?jīng)見(jiàn)過(guò)幾個(gè)這種句型了。
現(xiàn)在時(shí)如下所示:
That man must be lying. He can’t be telling the truth.那個(gè)人一定在說(shuō)謊,他可能說(shuō)實(shí)話(huà)。
過(guò)去時(shí)如下所示:
The man we saw must have been lying. He can’t have been telling the truth.
我們看見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人一定在說(shuō)謊,他不可能在說(shuō)實(shí)話(huà)。
下例是對(duì)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行假設(shè)的推測(cè):
If you moved to London, you would get a better job.如果你搬去倫敦住,你會(huì)得到一份更好的工作。
下面是對(duì)過(guò)去進(jìn)行假設(shè)的推測(cè):If you had moved to London in 1990, we would have met earlier.
如果你1990年搬到倫敦,我們認(rèn)識(shí)得會(huì)更早。
may和might的意思很相似,用于推測(cè)過(guò)去的行為,都表示‘可能會(huì)發(fā)生什么事“。
我們看一下maymight表示將來(lái)的例子,表示一種可能而不是確定無(wú)疑的結(jié)果:
Man What will the weather be like tomorrow?明天天氣怎么樣?
Woman It will probably be cloudy. It may rain.It might be sunny later.明天可能多云有雨,然后可能會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)晴。
Man Are you coing on the picnic?明天野餐你來(lái)嗎?
Woman I may come and I might bring a friend.我可能帶我的一個(gè)朋友來(lái)。
助動(dòng)詞could也有許多意思,還可以像下面這樣表示might的意思;
It could rain, but it could be sunny.可能有雨,但是也可能是晴天。
May have+過(guò)去分詞 might have +過(guò)去分詞二者都表示對(duì)過(guò)去行為的推測(cè)“可能會(huì)發(fā)生的某事,但對(duì)此并不十分確
定”:
Man Where’s Philip?菲利浦在哪兒?
Wo(hù)man I don’t know. He may have gone shopping. Or he might have gone back to Scotland.
我不知道,他可能去買(mǎi)東西了。也可能回英格蘭了。
還有一種情況表示可能發(fā)生的某事,介在敘述最終并未得到檢驗(yàn),表示的是“可能會(huì)發(fā)生”或“應(yīng)該會(huì)發(fā)生”。這時(shí),必須用might have而不是may have:
Are you all right?You idiot! You might have fallen into the river.你沒(méi)事吧?你這個(gè)白癡!你很可能掉河里了。
If you had moved to London in 1990, we night have met earlier.如果你1990年搬到倫敦,我們可能認(rèn)識(shí)得會(huì)更早。
Could have也有許多意思,其中一個(gè)意思跟might have 很相似。上面例子里的might have可以換成could have,,表示可能性。例如:
He could have gone back to Scotland.他可能已經(jīng)回蘇格蘭了。
You could have fallen into the river.你可能已經(jīng)掉河里了。
不管怎么說(shuō),could都表示為能力所左右的可能性。所以,could have的用法一般如下所示:
We didn’t win, but we could have won if we had tried harder.我們沒(méi)有羸,但是如果我們更努力一些我們可能就羸了。
They could have helped us, but they didn’t want to .他們就能給我們幫助的,但是他們不想幫助我們。