用來說明主句中某一名詞或代詞(有時也可說明整個主句或主句中一部分)而起定語作用的句子叫作定語從句。
一.關系代詞引導的定語從句
1. 關系代詞用來指代先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞
例1:This is the detective who came from London.
例2:The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
例3:The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例4:This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
2.關系代詞的用法
(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代詞,關系代詞一般只用that,不用which。例如:
All the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等詞被形容詞最高級以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等詞修飾,關系代詞常用that,不用which, who,或whom。例如:
(3) 非限制性定語從句中,不能用關系代詞that,作賓語用的關系代詞也不能省略。例如:
There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.
(4) which還有一種特殊用法,它可以引導從句修飾前面的整個主句,代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中,which可以作主語,也可以作賓語或表語,多數情況下意思是與and this 相似,并可以指人。例如:
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) that可指人或物,在從句中作表語,(指人作主語時多用who)僅用于限制性定語從句中。
(6) which可作表語,既可指人,以可指物。指人時,一般指從事某種職業或是有種特征.品性或才能的人。Which引導的定語從句可以限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。
(7) 如果作先作詞的集體名詞著眼于集體的整體,關系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個成員,則用who。
(8) 先行詞有兩個,一個指人,一個指物,關系代詞應該用that。例如:
The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(9) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,關系代詞應該用 who 或whom,不用 which。例如:
Is there anyone here who will go with you?
3.“介詞+關系代詞“是一個普遍使用的結構
(1) “介詞+關系代詞“可以引導限制性定語從句,也可以引導非限制性定語從句。“介詞+關系代詞“結構中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等,關系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
(2) from where為“介詞+關系副詞“結構,但也可以引導定語從句。例如:
We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短語動詞,在定語從句中一般不宜將介詞與動詞分開。例如:
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二.關系副詞引導的定語從句
1.關系副詞也可以引導定語從句
關系副詞在從句中分別表示時間.地點或原因。關系副詞when在從句中充當時間狀語,where 充當地點狀語,why充當原因狀語。
2. that可引導定語從句表示時間.地點或原因
That有時可以代替關系副詞 when, where 或者why引導定語從句表示時間.地點或原因,在 that引導的這種定語從句中,that也可以省去。
三.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句
1.二者差異比較
限制定語從句緊跟先行詞,同先行詞這間一般不加逗號,僅修飾先行詞,可以由關系代詞.關系副詞或that來引導。非限制性定語從句僅作補充或說明,用逗號與主句隔開,既可修飾先行詞,又可修飾整個主句,不可用that引導。
2.關系代詞和關系副詞的選擇依據
(1) 弄清代替先行詞的關系詞在從句中作什么成分,作狀語的應選用關系副詞,作主語.賓語或表語的可選用關系代詞。
3. 先行詞與定語從句隔離
定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞之后,但定語從句與先行詞之間有時也會插入別的成分,構成先行詞與定語從句的隔離。例如:
1) This is the article written by him that Is poke to you about..
2) He was the only person in this country who was invited
四.As在定語從句中的用法
1. 引導限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句
(1)as多與such 或the same連用,可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。
(2)as 也可單獨使用,引導非限制性定語從句,作用相當于which。例如:
The elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
(3)the same… that與 the same …as在意思上是不同的。
2.As引導的非限制性定語從句的位置
as引導的非限制性定語從句位置較靈活,可以位于主句前面.中間或后面,一般用逗號與主句隔開,但which所引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如:
(1) As is expected, the England team won the football match.
(2) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
五.學習定語從句的幾個問題
定語從句又稱為關系從句,是最常見的從句之一,每年高考題對之均有考查。
(一)、定語從句中關系代詞與先行詞的一致性
定語從句中關系代詞一般應與它所指代的先行詞的單復數保持主謂一致。例如:
The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle School.
但注意下列一組句子:
He is the only one of the students who was here just now.
He is one of the students who were here just now.
如果"one of +復數名詞"后跟有定語從句,一般情況下"one of"后的復數名詞為先行詞,但當one前有the only,the very,just the修飾時,先行詞則為one。
(二)、定語從句與強調結構
It is the place where they lived before.
It is in the place that they lived before.
第一個句子為定語從句,where指代the place,在定語從句中作狀語,第二個句子為強調結構,強調in the place,that沒有意義,把in the place 放回后面句子,句子意思完整。
Where is it that he found the lost watch?(強調句型,強調疑問副詞where)。
Where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定語從句,that指代the watch)
(三)、定語從句與并列結構
He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him.
He has two sons,and neither of them looks like him.
I've got two sisters.Both of them are in Shanghai.
第一個句子為定語從句,關系代詞whom指代two sons,在定語從名中介詞of的賓語。第二個句子為并列結構,由并列連詞and連接,人稱代詞them指代two sons。第三個為兩個獨立的句子,兩個句子中間用句號,兩句開頭的處一個字母都大寫。
(四)、定語從句與狀語從句
He found the books where he had put.
He found the books in the place where he had put.
第一個句子為狀語從句,where he had put 作主句He found the books 的地點狀語。第二個句子為定語從句,where引導從句修飾the place。
This is such an interesting book that I'dlike to read it.
This is such an interesting book as I'd like to read.
第一個句子為結果狀語從句,在結果狀語從句中,it指代book,作read的賓語。第二個句子為定語從句,關系代詞as指代先行詞book的定語從句中read的賓語。
(五)、定語從句中的先行詞
Is this book the one that you bought yesterday?
Is this the book that you bought yesterday?
第一個句子中,this book是主句的主語,the one 是先行詞。在第二個句子中this是主句的主語,the book是先行詞。一定要避免出現:Is this book that you bought yesterday?
(六)、定語從句與同位語從句
定語從句相當于形容詞,它對先行詞起修飾、描述或限制作用,而同位語從句則相當于名詞,它對其前面的詞給予說明或作進一步解釋,即說明該詞所表示的具體內容。例如:
The news that we heard is not true.(定語從句)
The news that he won the prize is not true.(同位語從句)
另:在"have no idea+從句"結構中,其從句都作idea的同位語。例如:
I have no idea when she will be back.
六、定語從句易犯小錯誤
由于定語從句的結構和用法比較復雜,初學者在使用時往往容易犯一些錯誤,最常見的有如下七種:
(一)、在定語從句中加了多余的定語。如:
1.誤:Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come.
正:Some of the boys I invited didn’t come.
譯:我邀請的男孩中有幾個沒有來。
析:應刪去them,因為從句的賓語是省略了的whom,who或that。
2.誤:The book that you need it is in the library.
正:The book that you need is in the library.
譯:你需要的書在圖書館里。
析:應刪去it,因為從句的賓語是關系代詞that。
(二)、把定語從句謂語動詞的單、復數弄錯。如:
1.誤:Anyone who break the law will be punished.
正:Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
譯:任何違犯法律的人將被處罰。
析:應改break為breaks,因為who指anyone,是單數。
2.誤:Those who has finished may go home.
正:Those who have finished may go home.
譯:做完了的人現在可以回家。
析:應改has為have,因為who指those,是復數。
3.誤:He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school.
正:He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.
譯:他是我們學校中唯一懂法語的人。
析:應改know為knows,因為one前有the only之類限定詞,定語從句在意義上修飾的是the only one,是單數,而不是復數名詞the teachers。
4.誤:This is one of the rooms that is free now.
正:This is one of the rooms that are free now.
譯:這是目前空著的房間之一。
析:應改is為are,因為one前沒有the only之類的限定詞,定語從句在意義上修飾的是名詞復數the rooms,而不是單數one。
(三)、誤省略了定語從句中作主語的關系代詞。如:
1.誤:Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.
正:Children who that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.
譯:吃糖多的孩子往往牙齒不好。
析:應加上關系代詞who或that,因為從句少主語,且主語不能省略。
2.誤:The key opens the bike is missing.
正:The key that/which opens the bike is missing.
譯:開這輛自行車的鑰匙不見了。
析:應加上關系代詞that或which,因為從句少主語,且主語不能省略。
(四)、定語從句中加了多余的關系副詞或介詞。如:
1.誤:The house where he lives in needs repairing.
正:The house where he lives needs repairing.
或:The house he lives in needs repairing.
譯:他住的房子需要修理。
析:應保留where,刪去從句中的in,因為關系副詞where在從句中作地點狀語,in屬多余。或刪去關系副詞where,因為where在這里的意思是in which,否則介詞in就重復了。
2.誤:I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing.
正:I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
或:I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing.
譯:我仍記得我第一次來到北京那天的情景。
析:應刪去on,因為when在這里的意思是on which,否則介詞on就重復了,或把when改為which。
(五)、在作先行詞的時間名詞或地點名詞后錯用了關系代詞或關系副詞。
1.誤:I still remember the day when we spent together.
正:I still remember the day that/which we spent together.
譯:我仍記得我們在一起度過的日子。
析:應改when為that或which,因為從句中謂語動詞spent是及物動詞,其后應跟賓語而不是時間狀語。
2.誤:This is the house where we lived in last year.
正:This is the house which/that we lived in last year.
譯:這是我們去年住過的那個房子。
析:應改where為which或that,因為從句謂語動詞lived后有介詞in,其后少介詞賓語,而不是地點狀語。
(六)、在先行詞reason后錯用關系副詞why。如:
1.誤:Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence?
正:Have you asked her for the reason that/which may explain her absence?
譯:你是否向他問過可以解釋他缺席的原因?
析:應改why為that或which,因為定語從句缺少主語,而不是少原因狀語。
2.誤:I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late.
正:I don’t believe the reason that/which he has given for his being late.
譯:我不相信他所提供的他遲到的原因。
析:應改why為that或which,因為從句謂語動詞has given后缺少賓語,而不是缺少原因狀語。
(七)、誤將強調句型當定語從句。如:
1.誤:It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out.
正:It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out.
譯:大火發生在廚房。
析:應將where改that,因為原句還原為The fire broke out in the kitchen后,在語法和句意上均成立,故此題是強調句型,而非定語從句。
2.誤:Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come?
正:Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come?
譯:你是否因昨晚下雪而沒有來?
析:應將when改為that,因為,原句還原為Because it snowed last night,you didn"t come后,在語法和句意上均成立,故此題是強調句型而非定語從句。
七.定語從句的注意事項
1.一般說來,除了用定語從句解釋名詞或泛指外,先行詞前應有定冠詞the。
2.在限制性定語從句中which,whom,that充當賓語時,可以省略。而在非限制性定語從句中whom,who,which不能省略。
3.在含有非限制性定語從句的復合句中從句與主句之間應該用逗號隔開。
4.定語從句與同位語從句的區別。首先看引導從句的關系詞that是否在從句中充當句子成分。如果在從句中充當主、賓、表,則是定語從句。再看that前的名詞是否是一些需要有內容的名詞,如:idea,fact,thought,news等。后面的從句是說明其內容的,(這個名詞在后面的從句中部充當任何成分),這個從句則是同位語從句。He expressed the hope that he has had for many years.
hope在從句中不充當句子成分,又加上后面從句是說明hope的內容的,因此時同位語從句。
5.the reason why(=for which)是由why或for which引導的定語從句。而the reason that也是that引導的定語從句。that往往省略。
This is the reason why he was late. =This is the reason (that)he was late.
6.當主句中有who,which時,而定語從句中也要用到who或which時,為了避免who…who,which…which等重疊,定語從句用that引導。
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?
7.先行詞為人和物作并列成分時,定語從句用that引導。
John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.
8.不論人或物在定語從句中作表語時,用that引導定語從句,而that通常省掉。
He is no longer the man that he was.
9.“one of+可數名詞復數”引導的定語從句中,謂語動詞應用復數;而“one of+可數名詞復數”前有the,only或the only修飾,定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數。
He is one of the students who study very hard at school.
He is the(only/the only) one of the students who studies very hard at school.
1.一般說來,除了用定語從句解釋名詞或泛指外,先行詞前應有定冠詞the。
2.在限制性定語從句中which,whom,that充當賓語時,可以省略。而在非限制性定語從句中whom,who,which不能省略。
3.在含有非限制性定語從句的復合句中從句與主句之間應該用逗號隔開。
4.定語從句與同位語從句的區別。首先看引導從句的關系詞that是否在從句中充當句子成分。如果在從句中充當主、賓、表,則是定語從句。再看that前的名詞是否是一些需要有內容的名詞,如:idea,fact,thought,news等。后面的從句是說明其內容的,(這個名詞在后面的從句中部充當任何成分),這個從句則是同位語從句。He expressed the hope that he has had for many years.
hope在從句中不充當句子成分,又加上后面從句是說明hope的內容的,因此時同位語從句。
5.the reason why(=for which)是由why或for which引導的定語從句。而the reason that也是that引導的定語從句。that往往省略。
This is the reason why he was late. =This is the reason (that)he was late.
6.當主句中有who,which時,而定語從句中也要用到who或which時,為了避免who…who,which…which等重疊,定語從句用that引導。
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?
7.先行詞為人和物作并列成分時,定語從句用that引導。
John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.
8.不論人或物在定語從句中作表語時,用that引導定語從句,而that通常省掉。
He is no longer the man that he was.
9.“one of+可數名詞復數”引導的定語從句中,謂語動詞應用復數;而“one of+可數名詞復數”前有the,only或the only修飾,定語從句中的謂語動詞用單數。
He is one of the students who study very hard at school.
He is the(only/the only) one of the students who studies very hard at school.