Ellipsis after Auxiliary verbs 省略助動詞的內容
ellipsis是英語的特征，是“省略”和“替換”的意思，指的是省略重復的短語或用簡短的詞來替換重復的內容。
●助動詞后面可以不加實義動詞，如下面的簡短回答：
Can you swim?
-No, I can’t. (=No, I can’t swim)
Must they come with us?
-Yes, they must.(=Yes, they must come)
Did you see him?
-Yes. I did(=Yes, I saw him.)
上文的簡短回答里面分別省略了swim, come, see, 不過還是可以從上下文里推斷句子的意思。
●其它類型的句子也常省略重復的實義動詞。
*下面的（）里是不用省略的情況。
Jane can’t swim, but I can.
(Jine can’t swim, but I can swim.) 簡不會游泳，但是我會。
I couyldn’t go, so we had to find someone. Who could.
(I couldn’t go ,so we had to find someone who could go.)我去不了，所以我們必須找一個能去的人。
Will you help or will John? (Will you help or will John help?)你能幫忙還是約翰能幫忙？
The dog was hit by the car and so wa the cat. (The dog was hit by the car and so was the cat hit the car.)
狗被車撞了，貓也被車撞了。
●不僅可以省略實義動詞，還可以省略實義動詞后面的一連串重復內容，只用一個助動詞來代替。
I’d like to go to the concert. Would you?
(I’d like to go to the concert. Would you like to go to the concert?)
我想去音樂會，你也要去嗎？
You should see the doctor and have your heart checked.
-You ‘re right, I should.
(You should see the doctor and have your heart checked. –You’re right, I should see the doctor and have my heart checked.)
你應該去看醫生，并做一個心臟檢查。你說得對，我應該去看醫生。
●即使前一句沒有用這個助動詞，在后一句里也可以用它。
I’m going there, even though I know I shouldn’t.
(I’m going there, even though I know I shouldn’t go there.)
我打算去，盡管我知道我不該去。
They tried to save him, but they couldn’t.
(They tried to save hiom, but they couldn’t save.)
他們努力救他，可他們沒能救得了他。
I haven’t done my homework, but I will.
(I haven’t done my homework, but I will do my homework.)我還沒做作業，但是我要做。
Ellipsis: Using’do’ instead of a Verb 省略：用do來代替一般動詞
●可以用do來代替重復的實義動詞或動詞短語。
Jane likes whisky, and John does, too.
(Jane likes whisky, and John likes Whisky, too.)簡喜歡威士忌，約翰也喜歡威士忌。
They saw the accident, but I didn’t.
(They saw the accident, but I didn’t see the accdient.)他們看見了事故，但是我沒看見。
Jhon doesn’t smoke, and Jane doesn’t either.
(John doesn’t smoke, and Jane doesn’t smoke either.)約翰不吸煙，簡也不吸煙。
不過，謂語是be的時候，就不能用do來替換。
Fran is a dentist, and Sam is, too.
(Fran is a dentist, and sam is a dentist, too.弗蘭是牙醫，山姆也是一個牙醫。
Mary is happy, but John isn’t happy.)
瑪麗是幸福的，但是約翰不幸福。
My face isn’t red , and yours isn’t red either.)
我的臉不紅，你的臉也不紅。
在含有too和either的句子里，還可以分別使用so 和either，這時主語和動詞要倒置。
Jane likes whisky, and John does, too.
"Jane likes whisky, and so does John.
John doesn’t smoke, and Jane doesn’t either.
"John doesn’t smoke, and neither doesJane.
Fran is a denitist, and Sam is, too.
"Fran is a dentist, and so is Sam.
Ellipsis:Verb+ ‘to’ 省略：動詞+to
●當實義動詞或助動詞后含有不定式時，學會保留to, 省略后面的內容。
I don’t want to see him, but I ought to.
(I don’t want to see him, but I ought to see him.) 我不想見他，但是不得不見。
You can win if you really want to.
(You can win if you really want to win.) 只要真正想贏，你就能贏。
Will you resign from the company if they ask you to?
(Will you resign from the company if they ask you to resign from the company?)如果他們讓你辭職，你會離開公司嗎？
Ellipsis: verb+ ‘so’ 省略：動詞+so
●可以用動詞+so來避免重復， 這時的動詞有hope, think, believe等。
I don’t know if the party starts at eight, but I think so.
(I don’t know if the party starts at eight, but I think that it starts at eight.)
我不知道晚會是不是8點開始， 但是我想是。
Is this Queen ill?-I don’t believe so.
(Is the Queen ill? -I don’t believe the Queen is ill.)女王病了嗎？我不這么認為。
Using ‘do’ for Emphasis 用do表示強調
●可以用助動詞do強調實義動詞。
I do like chocolate.我確實喜歡巧克力。
Jane does talk a lot.簡非常受說話。
I did warn you.我確實警告過你。
●表示強調的do,還可以用來反駁別人的話。
Jane can’t get a job because she didn’t go to university.
-But she did go to university.但是，簡真的上過大學。
There’s no point in asking James. Because he doesn’t want the job.
-You’re wrong. He does want the job.你錯了，他非常想要工作。
