OMISSION & SUBSTITUTION: INTRODUCTION  省略和替換

乍一看，“省略和替換”，　讓人覺得比較抽象、不實用，但事實正好相反。

“省略（omission）”和“替換（subsitution）”是英語的特征，在日常會話里經常用到，語法上稱之為ellipsis.

主要指的是：

●助動詞后內容的省略

●不定式及to后面內容的省略

●用助動詞do (does,did)來代替一般動詞

 

OMISSION AFTERAUXILIARY VERBS  省略助動詞后面的內容

看一下下面的例子：

Wendy passed the exam, but david didn’t pass the exam.

Mary was listening, but Andrew wasn’t listening. My boss won’t be at the meeting , but I will be at the meeting.

I tried to lift it but I couldn’t lift it.

I can help them, but I don’t see why I should help them.

上述句子中的第二個分句都在重復第一個分句的內容，但是，英語里，常常把第二個分句里助動詞后面的內容省略掉。例如：上面的一個例子可以如下所示：

Wendy passed the exam, but david didn’t.

Mary was listening, but Andrew wasn’t.

My boss won’t be at the meeting, but I will.

I tried to lift it, but I couldn’t.

I can help them, but I don’t see why I should.

 

PSUBSTITUTION  替換

避免重復的另一個方法就是用助動詞do,does,did來替換重復的動詞或句子。

例如下面這些句子：

They go to church every Sunday, and I go to church every Sunday, too.他們每周日都去教堂，我也是。

Mary likes parties, and Andrew likes parties, too.瑪麗喜歡參加晚會，安德魯也喜歡　。

John saw him, and Alex saw him as well.約翰看見他了，亞歷克斯也見到了他。

下面的說法更自然：

They go to church every Sunday, and I do, too.

Mary likes parties, and Andrew does, too.

John saw him, and Alex did as well.

肯定句里可以用so來代替too或as well, 不過語序發生了變化：

They go go church every Sunday, and so do I.

Mary likes parties, and so does Andrew.

John asw him, and so did Alex.

否定句里可以neither, 這里也要注意一下語序：

We never go to church ,and neither do they.　我們從來不去教堂，他們也不去。

Jane doesn’t like parties, and neither does Tom.簡不喜歡晚會，湯姆也不喜歡。

Harry didn’t see her, and neither did I.

哈利沒有見到他，我也沒有。