介詞
介詞是一種虛詞,一般不重讀,在句中不單獨作任何句子成份,一般放在名詞或名詞性短語之前構成介詞短語。有些介詞(如:in, up, down等)可作副詞;有些介詞(如as, but )也是連詞。在使用介詞時,一定要掌握介詞與其他詞類的固定搭配。
1.一些介詞的基本用法
1)in, on, at
A. in
. a) 表示位置,"在……里(中)"
in the pencil-box在鉛筆盒里,in the room在房間里
b) 表示一段時間,"在某年、某月、某季節"、"在上午(下午、傍晚)" in March在三月,in spring在春季,in the morning在早上(上午)
c) 表示表達方式,"用某種語言"
in English用英語,in Chinese用漢語
d) 表示序列,"在某班、年級、排"。如:
in Class Two在二班, in Class One, Grade Six在六年一班
e) 表示服飾,"穿(戴)"。如:
a girl in red穿紅衣服的女孩
f) 表示"在家"。如:
-Is your father in? 你父親在家嗎?
-Yes, he is. 是的,他在家。
B. on
a) 表示位置,"在……上面"(與物體表面接觸)
on the desk在課桌上, on the wall在墻上
b) 表示時間
on Sunday, on Mar. 4th, 2006
on Monday morning在星期一早上(上午)
c) 關于
a lecture on culture differences, a book on tree planting
固定用法: on the bus/ train ,ride on a horse(但 in a carriage,in a cab), on foot, on a farm, on the basis of…, on purpose(故意), depend on(依靠), joke on sb(開sb的玩笑), on sale(大削價), on duty, on the contrary,etc.
C. at
a) 表示具體的地點
at the hotel, at school,at home, at the door
b) 表示具體的時刻,"在幾點幾分"
at six o?蒺clock在六點鐘,at eight fifteen在八點十五分(在八點一刻)
c) at還可表示在節日或休假時間
at Christmas在圣誕節,at the weekend在周末
另外,at常用于固定短語中。如:at night在夜間,at noon 在正午。
2) above, below, over, under
above表示在另一物以上, below表示在另一物以下
over 表示在…的(正)上方under 表示在…的(正)下方
1) beside, besides, except, except for, except that, but
A. beside 在…的旁邊 ;besides 除…以外
B. besides 的賓語包括在所論及的事物;except.的賓語不包括在所論及的事物.
Besides Jone , all of us passed the exam.( Jone 也及格了)
All of us passed the exam except Jone. (Jone不及格)
C. except, except for的賓語都不包括在所論及的事物之內,但except用于同一類事物的比較,except for 用于不同類事物的比較。
You can all go except Tom.
We had a very good time except for the weather.
D. except that 表示“只是…”, 后接從句。
I would willingly go except that it is too far.
E. but 作介詞時,常用于all, no, noboday, who, where 等詞后面表示除了..(不包括所論及的事物);but 不放在句首。
There is no one here but me.
Who but Tom would have done such a thing?
All but/ except the captain were rescued.
4) Because, because of, due to, owing to, as a result of, for
A. because of 是介詞,后接名詞或名詞性短語;because后接句子.
I came back not because of the rain but I am tired.
B. due to用作表語或狀語,owing to 用作狀語。
His absence was due to the storm.
He arrived late owing to / due to the storm.
C.as a result of = because of 但較because of正式。
He was late as a result of rain.
注意:as a result 是狀語,后面表示的是結果。
As a result, the city disappeared.
As a result of the earthquake, Port Royal disappeared.
2. 有些單詞必須與特定的介詞一起使用,比如動詞consist必須與of一起使用(意思是由...組成),名詞accordance必須與with一起使用(意思是與...一致),形容詞good必須與at一起使用(意思是擅長...)。這是英語的慣用表達方式,早已經約定俗成了,我們只要記住就行。