語法總復習之 ------ 定語從句（形容詞性從句）
在句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句，因其修飾作用相當于形容詞，故稱形容詞性從句，即通常所說的定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，區別定語從句和名詞性從句的最簡易的辦法就是看從句前有無被修飾的先行詞。引導定語從句的關系詞既起著聯系作用，同時又作定語從句的一個成分。這些關系詞包括：
1）關系代詞： 先行詞為人：who, whom, that, whose
先行詞為物：which, that, whose
2）關系副詞：when, where, why （how）
注意：引導定語從句的關系詞和引導名詞性從句的連接詞有許多是共用的，但它們在從句中的作用有所不同，注意區別。尤其要注意的是what只能引導名詞性從句，不能引導定語從句。定語從句一般緊跟在先行詞后，但有時也被一個短語隔開。例如：
I was the only person in my office who was invited.
1．關系代詞的用法：關系代詞在從句中充當主語、賓語、定語或表語等成分。
The comrade who visited our class yesterday is our new headmaster.（作主語）
He is no longer the man (that) he used to be. （作表語）
This is the book（that/which）I referred to in my talk. (作賓語)
Wei Fang is the student whose home caught fire last week. (作定語)
使用關系代詞值得注意以下幾點：
① that, which在從句中作主語時，不能省略；作賓語時，在口語和非正式語中經常省略。whom 也常可省略。例如：
He is the man (whom) you have been looking for. （作賓語）
② that, which在從句中作主語時，如果先行詞前面有序數詞、最高級以及有 the only，the very等修飾時，只能用that, 不能用which。如果先行詞是all, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代詞；或是先行詞被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等不定代詞修飾時,一般要用that，但是something后面既可用that也可用which。例如：
Titanic is the best film that has been shown this year.
The second time that I visited The Summer Palace was in the fall of 1998.
The only thing that matters is to find our way home.
This is the very magazine that you are after.
I ‘ll do all that I can to help you.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town?
There is something that/which keeps worrying me. “有一件事一直令我不安。
③ 如果主句是由 who，which，what 引導的特殊疑問句，為避免重復，先行詞后的引導詞要用that，而不用who或which。例如：
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?
Which is the dictionary (that) you bought yesterday?
注意：當先行詞是anyone, those, he, she等代詞表“人”時，一般用who而不用that。同時要注意主謂一致的問題，即從句中謂語動詞的數要由who所指代的“人”所決定.
Anyone who wants a ticket please sign your name here.
Those who want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 p.m.
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
④ whose在定語從句中置于名詞之前，充當定語，既可指人，又可指物。whose xx = the xx of which（指物）/whom（指人）。例如：
Please pass me the dictionary whose cover is black. （指物）
=Please pass me the dictionary the cover of which is black.
The doctor, whose name was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England. （指人）
=The doctor, the name of whom was Johnson, lived in a small town in the north of England.
⑤介詞+關系代詞的用法
關系代詞緊跟在介詞后面時，不能用that，也不能省略，常用which或whom。
介詞的選用可根據從句中的相關詞組確定； 也可結合句意，根據先行詞確定。該介詞通�？梢苑旁陉P系代詞之前，也可放在從句之尾。例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
The author with whom all of us are familiar will visit our company.
Last night I had a dream in which I became a Nobel Prize winner.
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
但遇固定詞組時，介詞一般緊跟詞組主體，不作前置。如：
Is this the book (which/that) you are looking for? ( 這里介詞for一般不提前，因為look for是固定詞組，意為“尋找”，介詞for若被提前，單個的look意為“看”，句意不符。)
⑥先行詞既有人又有物時，引導詞只用that。例如：
They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.
⑦先行詞是the way時，其后的定語從句關系詞有三種，例如：
I like the way （in which/that）the teacher gives his lessons.
Marx told us the way ____ we could learn a foreign language well.
A. why B. how* C. which D. when
2．關系副詞的用法
關系副詞when, where, why, 在從句中充當狀語，分別可表時間、地點或原因。但要注意與先行詞在從句中做主語或賓語的情況相區別。
I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
This is the house where Lu Xun once lived.
Can you tell me the reason why you sold your new car?
Eg. I will remember the cottage ____ I built with my wife ten years ago.
A. where B. that C. in which D. in that
I will remember the cottage ____ I was shut with my wife ten years ago.
A. where B. that C. which D. in that
Eg. Have you asked her for the last reason _______ may explain her absence?
A. why B. that C. because that D. which
It is for this reason ____ the clear sky over the mountain appears blue.
A. for which B. why C. because D. that
3．限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句
限制性定語從句對先行詞起限定作用，是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語，去掉后主句意義就變得不明確，這種主句和從句的關系十分密切，主句與從句之間沒有逗號分隔。例如：
This is a shop that sells personal computers. // The watch that I bought yesterday works well.
非限制性定語從句與主句之間的關系相對松散一些，它對先行詞起補充說明作用，去掉后不影響主句意義。因此，一些具有區別意義的專有名詞及一些表示“唯一”概念的人或物后面常用此類從句。這類從句與主句之間有逗號隔開。例如：
We are all proud of the Great Wall, which is one of the man-made wonders of the world.
My father, who is a doctor, often encourages me to work hard.
一種特殊的非限制性定語從句
在非限制性定語從句中，有時根據句子意思，常把some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等詞、分數或百分比與of whom或of which連用。同時要注意主謂一致的問題，即從句中謂語動詞的數要由xx of whom或xx of which所指代的“人”或“物”所決定.
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(比較：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
We have tested three hundred types of boots, none of which is/are completely waterproof.
(比較：We have tested three hundred types of boots, but none of them is/are completely waterproof.)
4．定語從句中as的用法
1）as引導的限制性定語從句：
當先行詞前有as, the same, such, so修飾時，關系代詞常用as。例如：
As many members as were present agreed to the plan.
I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school.
He is not such a person as I expected.
2）as引導的非限制性定語從句與which引導的非限制性定語從句的異同
which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內容，有時可以互換：
Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.
She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.
區別：as引導的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中間或放在主句末尾；而which引導的非限制性定語從句只能放在先行詞后面或主句后面。例如：
As anybody can see, the elephant is like a snake.
=The elephant, as anybody can see, is like a snake.
=The elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
Mary was late again, which made the teacher angry.
as引導的從句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which則無此意。常用句型有：
as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected等。如：
As we all know, paper was first made in China.
as 引導的從句在意義上不能與主句相抵觸，而which不受此限制。試比較：
He did the experiment successfully, as had been expected.
He failed in the experiment, which was unexpected.
5．鞏固練習：
1. I have many friends, some are businessmen. （2005全國卷一二）
A．of them B．from which C．who of D．of whom
2. — Why does she always ask you for help? （2005北京）
— There is no one else _______ , is there?
A. who to turn to B. she can turn to C. for whom to turn to D. for her to turn
3. If a shop has chairs _________ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.
A. that B. which C. when D. where（2005上海）
4. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was stuck by floods, from __ effects the people are still suffering.
A. that B. whose C. those D. what（2005天津）
5. Mark was a student at this university from 1999to 2003, ______________he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union. （2005重慶）
A．during which time B．for which time C．during whose time D．by that time
6. Her sister has become a lawyer, ___________she wanted to be. （2005湖北）
A. who B. that C. what D. which
7. Frank’s dream was to have his own shop___ to produce the workings of his own hands.
A．that B．in which C．by which D．how （2005湖南）
8. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ______ they are being trained. （2005江西）
A．in that B．for that C．in which D．for which
9. The way he did it was different __________we were used to. （2005江西）
A．in which B．in what C．from what D．from which
10. I walked in our garden, ___ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. （2005遼寧）
A．which B．when C．where D．that
11. — Did Jack come back early last night? （2005福建）
— Yes. It was not yet eight o ’ clock________ he arrived home.
A．before B．when C．that D．until
12. — Is that the small town you often refer to? （2005福建）
— Right, just the one_________ you know I used to work for years.
A．that B．which C．where D．what
13. He was educated at a local grammar school, __________ he went on to Cambridge. （2005山東）
A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this
14. Jim passed the driving test, __________surprised everybody in the office. 2005浙江）
A. which B. that C. this D. it
15. _____ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next morning. 2005浙江）
A. When B. after C. As D. Since
16. The place ___ the bridge is supposed to be built should be ___ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest.
A. which; where B. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which（2005江蘇）
17. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes ________ people were eaten by the tiger. （2005廣東）
A. in which B. by which C. which D. that
18. Do you still remember the chicken farm we visited three months ago? (2005北京春)
A. where B. when C. that D. what
19. — Did Jack come back early last night? （2005福建）
— Yes. It was not yet eight o ’ clock________ he arrived home.
A．before B．when C．that D．until
20.The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday, but ___ didn’t help.（2005全國三）
A．it B．she C．which D．he
21. The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, ______ meant spending tens of thousands of pounds. ( 2006江蘇卷)
A. who B. that C. as D. which
22. Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ______ roof is under repair. （2006福建卷）
A. whose B. which C. of which D. what
A. whose B. which C. of which D. what
23. We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us, ________we gave some bells and glasses. （2006湖南）
A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which
24. I saw a woman running to ward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction ________ she had come. （2006重慶卷）
A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which.
A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which.
25. ——Do you have anything to say for yourselves? （2006江西卷）
——Yes，there’s one point ________ we must insist on
A．why B．where C．how D．/
26. Women _______ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ________ don’t. （2006北京卷）
A. who ; 不填 B. 不填 ; who C. who ; who D. 不填表; 不填
27. We’re just trying to teach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. （2006山東卷）
A. where B. that C. when D. which
28. She as educated at Beijing University, ________She went on to have her advanced study abroad.
A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that（2006陜西卷）
29. I was given three books on cooking, the first _______ I really enjoyed. ( 2006浙江卷)
A. of that B. of which C. that D. which
30. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students Chinese in the school, most were from Germany. ( 2006遼寧卷)
A. study; of whom B. study; of them C. studying; of them D. studying; of whom
31. The Beatles, many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool. ( 2006天津卷)
A. what B. that C. how D. as
32. You can find whatever you need at the shopping centre, ___ is always busy at the weekend.
A. that B. where C. what D. which( 2006上海春招)
2007高考題中出現的定語從句
1. His movie won several awards at the film festival, ___ was beyond his wildest dream. [2007 上海卷]
A. which B. that C. where D. it
2. —Where did you get to know her?
—It was on the farm _________ we worked. [2007 山東卷]
A．that B．there C．which D．where
3. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _______ wanted to buy it. [2007 安徽卷]
A. none of them B. both of them C. none of whom D. neither of whom
4. We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people,most of _____are healthy[2007 北京卷]
A. that B.which C. what D. whom
5. By serving others, a person focuses on someone other than himself or herself, ___________ can be very eye-opening and rewarding. [2007 湖南卷]
A. who B. which C. what D. that
6. He was educated at the local high school, ______ he went on to Beijing University. [2007 江蘇卷]
A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that
7. After gradutation she reached a point in her careet she heeded to decion what to do. [2007 江西卷]
A.that B.what C.which D.where
8. Some pre-school children go to a day care center, _______they learn simple games and songs.
A. then B. there C. while D. where [2007 全國卷I]
9. Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
A.which B.as C.why D.where [2007 陜西卷]
10. The thought of going back home was kept him happy while he was working abroad．
A．that B．all that C．all what D．which [2007 上海春]
11. It is reported that two schools，_______ are being built in my hometown，will open next year. A．they both B．which both C．both of them D．both of which [2007 四川卷]
12. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ___ sight matters more than hearing.
A. when B. whose C. which D. where [2007 天津卷]
13. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ______ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
A. that B. which C. who D. where [2007 浙江卷]
14. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ______ they can be controlled on purpose. [2007 重慶卷]
A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which
15. Eric received training in computer for one year, __ he found a job in a big company. [2007 遼寧卷]
A. after that B. after which C. after it D. after this
